Biology and Biotechnology Communications
Biology and Biotechnology Communications (BBC) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research and reviews in the fields of biology and biotechnology. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, academicians, and professionals to share innovative findings, methodologies, and applications that advance the understanding of biological sciences and biotechnological developments. Scope and Topics Covered: Molecular and Cellular Biology Genetics and Genomics Microbiology and Immunology Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Industrial and Marine Biotechnology Public Health and Environmental Biosciences The journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, short communications, and case studies that contribute to scientific knowledge and practical applications in biology and biotechnology. With a rigorous peer-review process and a commitment to scientific integrity, BBC aims to disseminate impactful research to a global audience.
SYNAPSE EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES AND YIELD STABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
The shift to sustainable agriculture in the global economy has increased the number of studies on the connection between organic farming activities and yield stability. Although the advantages of using organic systems are well known to be environmentally friendly, there is still controversy on whether they can achieve consistent productivity in the various agroecological settings. This is a systematic literature review that summarizes the empirical studies of 2015-2025 peer-reviewed articles to assess the effects of the practices of organic farming in areas of yield stability. We have made thorough searches in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, following the PRISMA guidelines of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, finding 1,247 unique records. There were 47 studies that qualified inclusion in the qualitative synthesis after the elimination of duplicates and systematic screening. The review shows that organic systems have similar yield stability to conventional agriculture in favorable management conditions, especially in the situations when diversification of cropping schemes and soil health maximization are enforced. Nevertheless, such stability in the yield of organic systems is susceptible to severe weather conditions and pest infestation in periods of conversion. Some of the important processes that mediate stability are the increased soil organic matter, a working biodiversity, and adaptive management practices. The analysis finds a major geographical bias to temperate geographies and a need to conduct further studies in tropical agroecosystems. The results aid in the development of evidence-based policies that promote sustainable agricultural transformations in addition to exposing the gaps in the research that need immediate remedy.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATORS OF APPETITE AND METABOLISM IN OBESITY MANAGEMENT
Obesity has become a massive social issue due to the increased prevalence. To put it into proper treatment, we must seek and create drugs, which are able to alter appetite and metabolism. This paper aimed at evaluating the various pharmacological agents in an attempt to attain appetite regulation and metabolic routes in obese adults. The experiment was done in 150 individuals with varying degrees of obesity and was done over a period of 12 weeks; it was a randomized controlled study. The pharmacological agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, serotonin modulators and endocannabinoid inhibitors were tested with respect to the effect of these drugs on appetite, food intake, energy needs and weight loss. We found that there were significant reduction of hunger and body weight in the treatment cohorts compared with the placebo. GLP-1 receptor agonists resulted in an average weight loss of 10%, serotonin modulators led to a 7 per cent weight loss, and endocannabinoid inhibitors led to a 5 per cent weight loss. In addition, metabolic assessments showed an increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in the levels of triglycerides in the treatment groups. The paper located that pharmacological modulators, which influence the metabolism and the appetite, are potential methods to control obesity but that all of them do not act in the same way. Further studies are required to determine the optimal dose, treatment duration and long-term safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mashal Shahzadi, Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND MENTAL HEALTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Chronic sleep deprivation has emerged as a pervasive public health concern in modern society, with profound implications for cognitive performance and mental well-being. This study employs a mixed-methods, problem-based approach to investigate the multi-faceted impact of restricted sleep on executive function, memory, emotional regulation, and psychological health. A cohort of 500 adults aged 25-60 was stratified into two groups: a sleep-restricted group (≤6 hours/night for 14 consecutive days) and a control group (7-9 hours/night). Quantitative assessments included a battery of cognitive tests (N-back, Trail Making Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Task), standardized mental health inventories (DASS-21, PSS-10), and salivary cortisol measurements. Qualitative data were gathered via structured interviews and sleep diaries. Results demonstrated a significant and progressive decline in the sleep-restricted group across all cognitive domains. Specifically, working memory accuracy decreased by 32%, and executive function reaction times slowed by 41% compared to controls (p<0.001). Mental health assessments revealed a 150% increase in self-reported anxiety symptoms and a 90% increase in depressive symptoms within the restricted group. Cortisol profiles exhibited a dysregulated diurnal rhythm, indicative of heightened physiological stress. Crucially, the study identified a dose-response relationship, where each successive night of restricted sleep compounded cognitive deficits and negative mood states. These findings underscore sleep deprivation not as a mere inconvenience but as a critical risk factor for impaired daytime functioning and the development of psychopathology. The study concludes with a robust call for the integration of sleep health into public health policy, advocating for public awareness campaigns, workplace sleep hygiene programs, and later school start times to mitigate this silent epidemic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hammad Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFICACY OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES: A CLINICAL OUTCOME STUDY
Clinical outcome trial that establishes the effectiveness of particular medicines in the treatment of haematologic malignancies considering the response of patients, the progress-free survival (PFS), and the overall survival (OS). A group of patients with different types of blood cancers including chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were treated with specific drugs, i.e., tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The paper gives comparison data of the efficacy of treatments, sequence of adverse events and long term results of the various therapeutic treatment. The results imply that the PFS and OS of patients taking TKIs were significantly greater and the side effects were less than the ones taking standard treatment. Treatment of NHL with monoclonal antibody was demonstrated to show positive percentages of progression free survival especially in recurring cases. The therapies involving the use of immuno-checkpoint inhibitors were found to be more effective in the AML in combination with chemotherapy, that is, there was synergy. The results suggest that increased emphasis on specific drugs is becoming pertinent in the management of blood malignancies and that the patients need customised treatment regimen to obtain the best results..
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: A STUDY ON AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN URBAN AREAS
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Urban air pollution constitutes a significant and escalating global public health crisis. This study investigates the quantitative relationship between key ambient air pollutants and the prevalence and severity of respiratory diseases in densely populated urban environments. We conducted a longitudinal, problem-based analysis over 36 months across five major metropolitan cities, correlating real-time air quality data with hospital admissions and clinical data. The pollutants of primary focus were particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ground-level ozone (O3). Health outcomes were measured through hospitalization rates for asthma exacerbations, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory infections, alongside lung function test data from a cohort of 3,000 at-risk individuals (children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions). Our results demonstrate a strong, dose-dependent association between PM2.5 levels and hospital admissions for asthma and COPD, with a 10 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5 associated with a 7.5% rise in admissions (p<0.001). NO2 exhibited the strongest correlation with pediatric asthma incidents. Spatial analysis via Geographic Information Systems (GIS) revealed disease clusters co-located with high-traffic corridors and industrial zones. Furthermore, longitudinal data showed that sustained exposure to pollutant levels exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines led to measurable declines in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in our cohort. This research underscores the critical and immediate threat posed by urban air pollution to respiratory health. The findings advocate for the implementation of stricter, evidence-based air quality standards, the establishment of urban "clean air zones," and the integration of environmental health data into public health surveillance systems to mitigate disease burden and healthcare costs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Waheed Shah, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN ABDOMINAL SURGERY: A GASTROENTEROLOGICAL INSIGHT
The complications that come after abdominal surgery are a major clinical problem because they have to be evaluated accurately and in a timely manner to enhance patient recovery. This paper intends to assess the radiologic modalities utilized in the diagnosis and treatment of complications of the gastroenterological system. A series of patients who had abdominal surgical procedures was studied, and computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography (US) were used to find out the prevalent complications, including anastomotic leak, abscess, bowel obstruction, and internal bleeding. Findings showed that CT would offer the greatest detection rates of anastomotic leaks and MRI demonstrated better sensitivity of inflammatory bowel alterations. Also, US was diagnosed as a non-invasive and economical modality used in the early detection of fluid collections. The results indicate the significance of the individualized radiologic strategy in the early diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications, as well as the vital position of early identification in reducing the morbidity and enhancing patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Irum Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSING SILENT GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX IN CHRONIC LARYNGITIS PATIENTS: ROLE OF PH MONITORING
Silent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is increasingly recognized as an elusive contributor to chronic laryngitis, yet remains underdiagnosed in the absence of classic reflux symptoms. We conducted a prospective cross‐sectional study in 120 adults (mean age 45 ± 12 years; 50 % female) presenting with persistent hoarseness, throat clearing, or cough for ≥3 months but without heartburn or regurgitation. Participants completed the Reflux Symptom Index and underwent flexible laryngoscopy scored via the Reflux Finding Score, followed by 24-hour dual-channel pH monitoring at the distal esophagus and hypopharynx; a subset of 50 patients also received multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring. Pathological distal acid exposure (defined as ≥4 % time pH <4) was detected in 58.3 % of patients, and 40 % demonstrated symptom association probability > 95 %. Distal and hypopharyngeal acid exposures correlated strongly with symptom and laryngeal findings (Pearson r = 0.60–0.65), and multivariate logistic regression identified elevated symptom scores (OR 1.10–1.15) and acid exposure metrics (OR 1.20–1.25; all p < 0.001) as independent predictors of pathological reflux. Impedance-pH monitoring revealed that 42 % of reflux events were weakly acidic or non-acidic, paralleling the finding that only 60 % of patients achieved complete symptom relief with empirical proton pump inhibitor therapy. These data underscore the incremental diagnostic and therapeutic value of ambulatory pH-based assessments in patients with refractory laryngeal symptoms, supporting the integration of objective reflux quantification into otolaryngology workflows. Future work should refine normative thresholds for laryngopharyngeal monitoring, validate tolerable wireless technologies, and assess the impact of pH-guided interventions on long-term voice outcomes and healthcare utilization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Roohan Ahmad, Muhammad Rehan, Muhammad Inam Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REHABILITATION OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS WITH CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS: A PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC ANALYSIS
Individuals that do repetitive physical labor as farmers and other agriculture workers almost always suffer from chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) because they lack easy access to care. The aim of the study is to apply a controlled experimental study design to determine the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the recovery of such people. In 20 individuals with identified MSDs, targeted rehabilitation based on mobilization, strengthening, pain control, and functional training occurred in four weeks. The primary clinical results that were analyzed included the degree of pain (VAS), range of motion (ROM), muscle strength (MRC scale), disability index, treatment attendance, and adherence with therapy. Upon getting the results, there were significant improvements in each one of them. The frequency of those who experienced the reduction of pain was an average of 60 percent and greater than 30 degrees in the range of motion (ROM). The muscle strength improved in 80 percent of cases to muscle grade 4 and disability index plummeted to a mean of 38 percent compared to 68 percent prior to treatment. Statistical data indicated the presence of robust correlations between the acts of adherence to therapy and measurements of improvement (e.g., r = -0.78 in case of pain and r = 0.82 in case of ROM). Another factor that was predicted through regression modeling was adherence and attendance as the primary factors associated with recovery. These data were supported by line graphs, hybrid plots and heatmaps in visual analytics. The conclusion of the study is that the application of physiotherapy is a highly effective method to ensure that it helps agricultural workers to restore their musculoskeletal functioning and proposes that such forms of treatment should also be a part of the rural health infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Asad Hameed, Hassan Yar Mahsood, Abdul Ghaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETIC TRACKING OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT SALMONELLA STRAINS IN INTEGRATED LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains within livestock environments poses a major threat to global food safety and public health. This study employed a mixed-method experimental design to isolate and characterize Salmonella from poultry and swine production chains. A total of 180 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular characterization, and biofilm assays. The results revealed that 68% of isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, 54% to Tetracycline, and 42% to Ciprofloxacin. Whole-genome sequencing uncovered widespread carriage of resistance genes including bla_TEM, tetA, qnrB, and efflux pump genes like acrAB. Biofilm formation was notably stronger among MDR strains, suggesting a link between environmental persistence and resistance. Integrons and plasmid-mediated genes were detected in 84% of MDR strains, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing confirmed elevated resistance levels with over 60% of isolates surpassing clinical breakpoints. Advanced data visualizations including heatmaps, pie charts, and cluster plots supported the phenotypic-genotypic integration. This comprehensive analysis underscores the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship in livestock sectors and advocates for the implementation of genomic surveillance to mitigate MDR Salmonella risks. The study offers a critical contribution to the One Health approach by linking microbiological, genetic, and environmental dimensions of antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hidayatullah, Aftab Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEEP LEARNING FOR AUTOMATED DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX FROM INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY AND AUDIO SIGNAL
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRD) remains a persistent challenge in cattle health management, necessitating early, accurate, and scalable diagnostic solutions. This study presents a novel AI-enabled framework that integrates infrared thermography and respiratory audio signals to facilitate real-time BRD detection using deep learning algorithms. A hybrid CNN-LSTM architecture was trained on multimodal datasets, capturing subtle patterns in thermal gradients and acoustic anomalies. Results were validated across nine detailed tables containing physiological and behavioral metrics for over 180 cattle instances, demonstrating a consistent correlation between elevated temperature, increased cough frequency, and BRD risk. Twelve complex visualizations—including line, bar, scatter, and hybrid plots—illustrated the efficacy of fused features in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The model achieved high sensitivity and specificity in BRD classification and proved effective in real-world deployment, offering sub-second diagnostic latency. These findings underscore the potential of AI-powered tools in non-invasive veterinary diagnostics, providing farmers with actionable insights and early intervention capabilities. This integrated approach advances the field of precision livestock farming and opens new pathways for scalable, automated animal health monitoring systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Umer Farooq, Muhammad Mubeen, Muhammad Danial Ahmad Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MICROPLASTICS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS: EFFECTS ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND ANIMAL HEALTH
Microplastics are being seen as a huge issue in the land eco system although very little is known about their impacts to animal health and agricultural productivities. This experiment examines the influence of microplastic content in soil on crop yield, root development, soil respiration, and the threat of animals getting exposed to them. In comparative agronomic conditions, we researched 20 treatments of varying microplastic content (86.45 to 475.85 mg/kg). The findings revealed that higher concentration of microplastics resulted in sharp declines in crop biomass (by 60 percent), root length, and soil respiration. At very intense exposures, there was a drop in yield of more than 35%. As the correlation study indicated, a strong negative association was observed between the abundance of microplastic and biomass ( r = -0.81) and root length (r = -0.76). The Animal Exposure Index increased with the increase in the levels of pollution and hence the higher the threat to the environment. The tests carried out using ANOVA revealed that the treatments proved to have a substantial influence on all the variables (p < 0.05) and the regression modelling revealed that the concentrations of microplastics in the soil was the primary factor that contributed to lower yields. The scatter diagrams, mixed plots, and the box are plots revealed that the variability among treatments was extensive and over time, microplastic had an immense impact on plant as well as soil systems. This paper demonstrates how microplastics accumulate in terrestrial soils and can damage the environment and agriculture, and changes to policies and waste management strategies are needed as soon as possible in order to minimize the threat of microplastics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Irfan Ahmad, Syed Muhammad Ali Ramish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN TISSUE REGENERATION AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Stem cell technology have revolutionised individualised medical care and regenerative medicine. They heal and regenerate worn tissues as they naturally develop the capacity to replicate themselves and transform into other forms of specialised cells, and bring about patient-specific therapeutic actions with reduce rates of eliciting an immune reaction. Here, the treatment potential and clinical outcomes and technological constraints of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are examined in regenerative medicine in the broadest sense. These data were assembled into nine large tables that contained 180 records of individual patients, including 12 intricate graphs, line, bar, pie, scatter, and hybrid plots depicting clinical trends, the changes in the immune response, and outcomes of CRISPR-enhanced treatment. Findings indicated that the iPSCs possessed the greatest treatment efficacy whereby over 85 percent of the brain and cardiac tissue regeneration was attained besides the fact that they had minimal immune rejection when used in autologous settings. ESCs retained their high level of pluripotency, though they were more immunogenic and more ethically questionable. MSCs, in their turn, had much weaker success in musculoskeletal tissue repair (about 70%) and could not differentiate so effectively. It is clear that CRISPR-edited iPSCs did particularly well in preventing issues and even being better integrated with host tissues by a pleasing 30 percent. Generally, the average percentage of recovered functional capacity was 70 with stem cell treatments in every application. These findings demonstrate that iPSCs and CRISPR integration can be quite beneficial in clinical practice as the method entails production of safe, ethical, and personalised regenerative therapies. The present research corroborates the further improvement of the protocol involving stem cells as a critically new aspect of the future of precision medicine although the issues of scalability, differentiation control, and regulatory schemes exist.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rabia Kiran, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING BIOFILM FORMATION AND QUORUM SENSING IN UROPATHOGENIC E. COLI UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS
Biofilm formation and quorum sensing represent critical survival strategies for uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), especially under environmental stress. This study investigated the effects of oxidative stress, nutrient limitation, and sub-inhibitory antibiotic exposure on biofilm development and quorum sensing activity in clinical UPEC isolates. Quantitative assays demonstrated a significant increase in biofilm biomass under all stress conditions, with ciprofloxacin-induced stress producing the most pronounced effect. AI-2 production, a central quorum sensing signal, was markedly elevated across stress environments, indicating enhanced bacterial communication and coordination. Gene expression analysis revealed substantial upregulation of key quorum sensing (luxS, sdiA, tnaA) and biofilm-associated genes (csgA, bssS, fimH), further affirming the activation of these virulence pathways under duress. Examination of structures under a confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the biofilms in stressed samples were thicker and more complex than those in unstressed samples. Interestingly, the highest concentration of each antibiotic needed to stop cell growth was much greater for biofilm-forming cells. The viability test showed biofilms helped cells remain intact far more than planktonic cells when subjected to the same stress. The discovery demonstrates that UPEC can respond to stress by sticking around, becoming tougher and making treatment harder. By disrupting how chronic biofilms are maintained and how their matrix is formed, we may reduce antibiotic resistance and infections in the urinary tract.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NANO-FERTILIZER DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLED MICRONUTRIENT RELEASE IN RICE LEAVES: A FIELD-SCALE EVALUATION
The present study investigates the field-scale efficacy of nano-fertilizer delivery systems for controlled micronutrient release in rice cultivation, with a specific focus on plant growth, nutrient uptake, yield performance, and soil microbial dynamics. Nano-fertilizers, particularly nano-composite formulations incorporating zinc, iron, and phosphorus, were evaluated against conventional treatments under real agronomic conditions. The application of nano-fertilizers significantly improved key growth parameters, including plant height, tiller number, and leaf area index, with the nano-composite treatment outperforming all others. Chlorophyll content increased substantially at critical growth stages, indicating enhanced photosynthetic activity. Leaf and grain analyses revealed elevated micronutrient concentrations, especially for zinc and iron, highlighting efficient nutrient delivery and translocation. Yield components, such as grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and total grain yield, showed marked improvements, with the nano-composite treatment achieving the highest yield (5.7 t/ha). Post-harvest soil assessments indicated higher residual nutrient levels and enriched microbial populations, including chitin-degrading bacteria and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), particularly under nanochitin-based applications. Additionally, stress indicators such as proline accumulation and reduced electrolyte leakage affirmed the role of nano-fertilizers in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. These findings underscore the potential of nano-fertilizers to revolutionize sustainable nutrient management in rice production. However, potential risks such as nanoparticle aggregation and long-term environmental impact necessitate further investigation through life cycle assessments. Overall, nano-fertilizer technology presents a transformative approach to precision agriculture by optimizing nutrient use efficiency, improving yield and grain quality, and supporting ecological balance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Dilawaiz Khan, Ayesha Irum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MONITORING CROP HEALTH IN MULTI-CROPPING SYSTEMS USING UAV-BASED LEAF SPECTRAL INDEX ANALYSIS AND GIS INTEGRATION
The growing complexity of multi-cropping systems demands innovative monitoring solutions to ensure sustainable and efficient crop management. This study presents an integrated approach combining Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based spectral imaging, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and machine learning techniques to monitor crop health across diverse cropping zones. UAVs equipped with multispectral sensors were deployed over intercropped fields, generating high-resolution imagery from which key vegetation indices—NDVI, SAVI, and GNDVI—were derived. These indices enabled the detection of plant stress, nutrient deficiencies, and disease symptoms with high spatial precision. Unlike ground truth, spectral measurements were proved to closely link to the state of healthy crops. Machine learning was used on spectral data to teach SVM, RF and CNN methods to identify crop health without being assisted by hand. CNNs often got it right, spotting damaged and stressed areas on 91 percent of the images and remembering them on 88 percent. Using GIS maps and tools, I carried out studies that map out ground areas and then produce buffer maps showing conservation areas. As a result, it became easy to notice variations in the field and take the right actions right there on the site. Stability of the system was illustrated through precision-recall curves, heatmaps and confusion matrices for diseases. According to data, using UAVs and AI in farming protects the environment, improves its accuracy and can scale output for large farms.
SUSTAINABLE WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE ECOSYSTEMS USING AI-BASED DRONE SURVEILLANCE AND TARGETED HERBICIDE APPLICATION
Weed infestation remains a major constraint in rice cultivation, leading to significant yield losses and excessive herbicide use. This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and drone technology for sustainable weed management through targeted herbicide application in rice ecosystems. High-resolution multispectral imagery captured via drones was analyzed using a custom convolutional neural network (CNN), achieving a weed detection accuracy of 94%, surpassing alternative models like YOLOv5 and ResNet50. AI-generated weed maps were employed for site-specific herbicide spraying, resulting in a 59.2% reduction in herbicide usage compared to conventional blanket application. Under AI direction, tests in the field revealed that weed density fell by 85.3% and rice grew by 14.6% more compared to other groups. According to environmental studies, there was only a small amount (6.8%) of unintentional damage to vegetation, along with average soil and water contamination levels of 0.46 ppm which helps protect the environment. Researchers noted that economic analysis indicated a $25 per hectare benefit because both input prices and productivity improved. Moreover, the metrics from model training showed that the AI system became more stable; this indicates that the system is well-built. Despite facing costs and data problems, the study clearly shows that AI-driven drones are effective for farming. This research aims to improve sustainable, economical and data-supported weed management in rice farming which can help improve modern and greener rice growing.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faran Muhammad, Muneeba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENDOGENOUS REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES: CHEMICAL SIGNALING OR CYTOTOXICITY
This study investigates the paradoxical roles of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in inflammatory diseases, aiming to delineate their function as either chemical signaling mediators or cytotoxic agents. Employing a problem-based experimental design, we conducted quantitative analyses using THP-1 and HUVEC cell lines subjected to LPS and TNF-α to simulate inflammation, and a DSS-induced murine colitis model to examine systemic effects. Fluorescence assays revealed that inflamed cells exhibited a significant increase in ROS (THP-1: 57.3 a.u.; HUVEC: 64.8 a.u.) and RNS levels (THP-1: 45.5 a.u.; HUVEC: 52.6 a.u.), accompanied by a marked decrease in cell viability. Gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2, affirming redox-mediated inflammatory activation. In vivo, elevated malondialdehyde levels and impaired antioxidant enzyme activities in the colon and brain indicated tissue-level oxidative stress. Serum cytokine assays showed significant increases in IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the inflamed group, while redox ratio imaging and TUNEL assays confirmed mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, particularly in high-damage tissues. Statistical correlations revealed strong associations between ROS/RNS levels and cytotoxic outcomes (Spearman ρ > 0.88, p < 0.01). These findings demonstrate that ROS and RNS act as a double-edged sword in inflammatory diseases—essential for signaling at physiological levels but deleterious at pathological concentrations. This study provides crucial insight into the redox-dependent mechanisms underlying inflammation and highlights the importance of selectively targeting oxidative pathways to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mashal Shahzadi, Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF PLANT HORMONES IN ROOT DEVELOPMENT UNDER LOW OXYGEN CONDITIONS: NEW INSIGHTS FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT
Flooding-induced hypoxia represents a major constraint on crop productivity by impairing root growth and function. In this study, we investigated the hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying root adaptation to low-oxygen stress in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa using controlled hydroponic treatments (2% vs. 21% O₂), comprehensive hormone profiling, gene expression analysis, and detailed root architectural assessments. Under hypoxia, roots accumulated significantly higher levels of ethylene (2.5–2.8-fold increase) and abscisic acid (1.6–1.8-fold increase) alongside elevated gibberellins, cytokinins, and nitric oxide, while indole-3-acetic acid declined by ~30% relative to normoxic controls. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT) were markedly enhanced, indicating a dual role for ROS in stress signaling and defense. Transcriptomic assays revealed robust upregulation of hormone-responsive genes (ARF1, ACS2, NCED5, PYL4), which emerged as central hubs in an integrated hormone-signaling network. Morphologically, hypoxia reduced primary root elongation by over 35%, decreased lateral root numbers, and promoted aerenchyma formation (up to 40% porosity) and adventitious rooting, thereby enhancing internal oxygen diffusion and water uptake. These coordinated hormonal, molecular, and structural responses underscore a complex crosstalk that reprograms root development towards survival under oxygen deprivation. Our findings identify key regulatory nodes—particularly at the intersection of ethylene biosynthesis and auxin–ABA signaling—that offer promising targets for genetic or chemical modulation. By translating these insights into crop breeding and management practices, including genome editing and hormone analog applications, it will be possible to develop flood-tolerant cultivars and optimize agronomic interventions for waterlogged soils. This work lays a foundation for sustainable crop improvement strategies aimed at stabilizing yields in flood-prone environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Imran , Irfan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF UNSAFE DRINKING WATER ON THE PREVALENCE OF WATERBORNE DISEASES IN PAKISTAN: EXAMINING PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES, SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, AND SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION
Failing to act immediately to resolve the global water issue in a sustainable way is expected to make the situation even worse. For example, this is greatly demonstrated by Pakistan, in which the whole nation undergoes inadequate water sanitation. In Pakistan, exponential rise of water borne diseases (due to rise in drug toxicity, trace elements, microbial infections) in many of their water bodies are reported due to the rise in this drug toxicity, trace elements and microbial infections. Treatment and preventative programs must be implemented first at the individual level and then by national authorities. The reason of Pakistan's water issues is combination of political pressure, insufficient development of the water storage infrastructure, and the effect of climate change on the yearly rainfall. However, along with shortening of the water supply, the industrial expansion also increases demand, and there are additional factors such as growing population. Pakistan’s economy is suffering and in 2019 alone, the cost to the economy of inadequate sanitation infrastructure amounted to around 343.7 billion Pakistani rupees ($1.5 billion). In addition to that, while working together with UNICEF, the expense of delivering clean water administrations ascended from 48 billion Pakistani rupees to 72 billion amid 2016–17. Although the availability and quality of these services may not be widespread, it can be argued that funding of the country for supply of cleaned water is necessary for Pakistan. It is anticipated that if the following conditions are not corrected most of the present problems of poverty, sickness and economic uncertainty will become worse in the near future. There should be priority on the implementation of suitable water management regulations as well as raising awareness of clean water usage. Immediate and proactive sustainable of water resources of Pakistan may guarantee a more secure future. In conclusion, the study clearly demonstrates that unsafe drinking water, combined with poor sanitation practices, significantly contributes to the high prevalence of waterborne diseases in Pakistan, particularly in low-income communities. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach that focuses on improving water quality, sanitation infrastructure, and socioeconomic conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of sustainable interventions that can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases and improve public health in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Tariq , Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD RESPONSES OF RICE TO FOLIAR APPLIED AUXINS
A field experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad to evaluate the effects of foliar-applied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the physiological performance and yield of rice (Shaheen Basmati). The study employed a randomized complete block design with four treatments: control, 10 µM, 20 µM, and 30 µM IAA, applied at tillering and panicle initiation stages. Physiological parameters and yield components were assessed to determine auxin's efficacy. Results showed that foliar IAA significantly enhanced chlorophyll content (from 35.2 to 46.1 SPAD units), photosynthetic rate (from 18.3 to 24.8 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), stomatal conductance (from 0.21 to 0.29 mol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹), and relative water content (from 78.2% to 87.1%), with 30 µM showing the highest values. Yield-related traits were also markedly improved: tillers per plant increased from 10.2 to 15.1, panicles per plant from 9.6 to 13.7, and grains per panicle from 95.3 to 132.1. The 1000-grain weight rose from 22.5 to 26.3 g, and grain yield improved significantly from 4520 to 5985 kg ha⁻¹. Notably, no significant differences were observed between the 20 µM and 30 µM treatments for most parameters, suggesting that 20 µM may be the optimal concentration. These findings underscore the potential of foliar-applied auxin in improving rice productivity by enhancing physiological efficiency and reproductive success, offering a promising strategy for yield optimization under field conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Mehmood , Naveed Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERIZING THE ENZYME KINETICS OF NOVEL ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS IN PLANT CELLS UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction under drought and salinity stress threatens plant cellular homeostasis by damaging proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. To elucidate the dynamic performance of novel antioxidant defenses, we isolated peroxiredoxin Q (PrxQ), mitochondrial thioredoxin h (TrxH), and glutaredoxin C (GrxC) from Arabidopsis leaves subjected to controlled drought and salinity treatments. Using spectrophotometric assays across varying substrate concentrations, pH (6.5–8.0), and temperatures (20–30 °C), we determined Michaelis–Menten constants (Kₘ), turnover numbers (kₖₐₜ), and catalytic efficiencies (kₖₐₜ/Kₘ). Under drought, PrxQ’s Kₘ decreased from 50 to 30 µM while kₖₐₜ rose from 100 to 120 s⁻¹, doubling efficiency to 4.0×10⁶ M⁻¹·s⁻¹; salinity induced more moderate shifts (Kₘ = 40 µM, kₖₐₜ = 110 s⁻¹, efficiency = 2.75×10⁶ M⁻¹·s⁻¹). TrxH showed a 10% reduction in Kₘ (100→90 µM) and a 12.5% increase in kₖₐₜ (80→90 s⁻¹) under drought (efficiency = 1.0×10⁶ vs. 0.8×10⁶ M⁻¹·s⁻¹ control), whereas salinity slightly impaired its kinetics. GrxC exhibited the highest drought‐induced enhancement (Kₘ 20→15 µM; kₖₐₜ 50→60 s⁻¹; efficiency 4.0×10⁶ M⁻¹·s⁻¹). PrxQ achieved optimal affinity and turnover at pH 7.5 under drought, and TrxH peaked in activity at 30 °C. All efficiency changes were statistically significant (ANOVA, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that drought stress more strongly augments the catalytic machinery of key antioxidant pathways than salinity, offering quantitative parameters for integration into redox network models. Our findings provide a mechanistic foundation for targeted genetic or biotechnological enhancement of plant stress resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashan Zaidi , Ahmed Mukhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN MIGRATORY BIRD POPULATIONS
This study evaluates how gradients of environmental stress on breeding grounds affect reproductive success in two long-distance migratory songbirds. During the 2024 breeding season, we surveyed six sites across Europe and North America, measuring temperature anomalies (0.5–2.5 °C), habitat disturbance indices (0.30–0.90), and pollutant concentrations (20–70 µg/L). We monitored clutch initiation, clutch size, hatching rate, and fledgling survival at each site, and sampled adult blood for baseline and stress-induced corticosterone assays. Generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed significant negative effects of temperature anomaly (β = –0.12, p < 0.01), habitat disturbance (β = –0.18, p < 0.001), and pollutant concentration (β = –0.10, p < 0.05) on overall reproductive success. High-stress sites exhibited reduced clutch sizes (3.5 vs. 5.0 eggs), lower hatching rates (65 % vs. 90 %), and diminished fledgling success (55 % vs. 82 %), alongside elevated corticosterone (baseline up to 3.2 ng/mL; stress-induced up to 7.1 ng/mL). Breakpoint analysis identified critical thresholds—≥ 2 °C anomaly, ≥ 0.75 disturbance index, and ≥ 50 µg/L pollutants—beyond which reproductive metrics declined sharply. These findings underscore the synergistic impacts of multiple stressors on avian reproduction and highlight the importance of threshold-based management. Conservation efforts should prioritize mitigating habitat degradation, controlling pollutant inputs, and implementing adaptive measures against climate extremes to bolster population resilience under accelerating global change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Raza, Muhammad Umair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCEMENTS IN CRISPR-CAS9 TECHNOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR GENE EDITING AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Gene editing brought about by the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has transformed such an area by introducing the ability to alter genomes by relatively accurate, fast, and affordable methods. The aims of the review are to cover all the new developments in CRISPR-based systems, including the emergence of Cas12, Cas13, base editing and prime editing technologies. Each of them has improved the target specificity tremendously and the off-target effects considerably too. We investigated editing efficiency scores of various Cas variants (Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13), and examined over 20 clinical trials that occurred within (2020-2024) and addressed genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. The findings indicate that Cas12 beats Cas9 in editing and primary editing is the most mistake-free of all the platforms analyzed. The tables and data indicate that there is an increased use of CRISPR clinical applications. The largest therapeutic application comprises of gene therapy and cancer immunotherapy. A market projection shows that CRISPR therapies will ceramic rapidly until 2030, as because of success over the field of immuno-oncology and re- generation medicine. Despite such advances, the matter of altering the germline, human enhancement, inequitable access, and the many ethical concerns remain. It makes it even more difficult to apply CRISPR technologies in clinical practice because they differ in the regulatory systems of countries, and people do not quite understand what can be done with them. In this review, CRISPR-Cas9 technologies can have potential to transform the treatment of hereditary and acquired diseases, although they require global ethical standards, safety, and equitable access systems to safely implement them.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ezza Fatima , Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EVOLUTION OF BIOPHARMACEUTICALS: FROM TRADITIONAL DRUGS TO BIOLOGICS AND BIOSIMILARS
The advent of biopharmaceuticals has revolutionized modern therapeutic approaches, moving beyond traditional small-molecule drugs to complex biologics that offer targeted, high-efficacy treatments for chronic and life-threatening diseases. This shift has been particularly impactful in oncology, autoimmune disorders, and rare genetic conditions, where conventional therapies often proved inadequate.This study provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of biopharmaceuticals, encompassing the development of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant therapies, and the rise of biosimilars. It examines regulatory frameworks in the U.S. and EU, manufacturing challenges, and technological innovations that underpin biologic drug production. The methodology includes comparative analysis of approval pathways, efficacy outcomes, and cost-effectiveness metrics derived from recent empirical and market-based studies.The results demonstrate that biosimilars can achieve comparable safety and therapeutic efficacy to reference biologics while reducing treatment costs by up to 30%. Furthermore, advancements in artificial intelligence and pharmacogenomics are shown to enhance drug discovery and patient stratification, contributing to more personalized and effective treatment regimens. The study also identifies the growing role of RNA-based therapies and CAR-T cell treatments as emerging pillars in next-generation biopharmaceutical innovation.In conclusion, biopharmaceuticals especially when paired with biosimilar integration and AI-driven development represent a transformative solution for enhancing healthcare access, improving patient outcomes, and reducing systemic costs. Policymakers and industry stakeholders must prioritize global regulatory harmonization, infrastructure investment, and interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock the full potential of these therapies. The future of medicine lies in precision, affordability, and innovation principles that biopharmaceuticals are uniquely poised to deliver.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saad Abdullah , Rizwan Ullah, Usama Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF MICROBIOMES ON HUMAN HEALTH: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT
The human microbiome, a complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea residing across various body sites, plays a critical role in maintaining health and modulating disease susceptibility. This study explores the intricate interplay between host genetics, environmental exposures, and microbiome composition, with a focus on how these interactions influence metabolic, immune, and neurological health outcomes. Environmental factors such as diet, antibiotic use, pollution, and hygiene practices were shown to rapidly reshape microbiome profiles, as evidenced by decreased diversity and increased pro-inflammatory species in high-fat diets.The results underscore that microbial dysbiosis is strongly linked to a spectrum of chronic diseases, including obesity, type 1 diabetes, colorectal cancer, and mental health conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and dietary interventions demonstrated therapeutic potential by restoring microbial balance and enhancing treatment efficacy, particularly in conditions like Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Quantitative analyses visualized through diversity indices, metabolic pathway shifts, and SCFA production highlighted the effectiveness of targeted microbiome modulation. Furthermore, graphical results demonstrated significant variation in microbial richness, gene-microbiota associations, and therapeutic response across cohorts.These findings reinforce the pivotal role of the microbiome in systemic health and advocate for integrative, precision-based approaches such as personalized probiotics, synbiotics, and FMT—in managing microbiome-related diseases. The study contributes to advancing microbiome research as a cornerstone of personalized medicine, with implications for cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune disease modulation, and neurobehavioral health. Continued investigation into host–microbiota interactions is essential for the development of targeted, evidence-based therapeutic strategies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HARNESSING SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Synthetic biology has emerged as an effective way of resolving numerous challenges encountered by modern agriculture, including climate change, land degradation, stressed water and food poverty. This paper examines the way synthetic biology can be applied to enhance crops and makes agricultural practice sustainable and the issues that arise during its application. Among the chief approaches explored there are genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9, metabolic engineering, and the application of biopesticides and biop-based fertilizers. A careful analysis reveals that crops created by the use of synthetic biology were more fertile, enjoyed stronger resistance to drought, and contained more nutrients. The productivities were 20-40 percent more. The health of the soil also improved a lot. The synthetic biofertilizer treated plots retained nitrogen and phosphorus. Comparison of the benefits against the costs of input, in 20 locations, revealed that the cost of the input reduced by15-30 percent per hectare as farmers utilized less fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, 60 percent of the population is accepting of synthetic biology stated in a national survey despite the lingering concern of the safety of GMOs and the associated dangers they possess to the environment. The figures indicate that the positive correlation between the agricultural production and the amount of investment in the synthetic biology research is very high. As an illustration, CRISPR-modified crops have decreased their development cycles to 4 years as opposed to 12 years previously. There are however great issues to contend with, which include this variability of the regulations, the high cost of research and development and biethical considerations. This essay discusses the way synthetic biology would transform farming in a positive manner to be more efficient, sustainable, and resilient. It also discusses the significance of having uniform policies, inform the people, and collaborating with each other across fields to maximize it.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mashal Shahzadi, Irfan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH FUNDING: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
Agricultural research is very significant to ensure that all people get sufficient food, climate is more resilient and development would be durable. Funding mode of agricultural research has considerably shifted in the past few decades. It has witnessed a massive shift in support between the private and the public sector. Through consequential qualitative analysis of institutional data and international research published literature, this paper will examine closely the past and present trends of funding, regional variations, and theme-driven research objectives. We see that as the past has demonstrated new ideas have been created through public investment, particularly, the idea of the Green Revolution, but today the private sector contribution outrages the amount of revenue spent in various issues by the government. However, this shift has resulted in the research priority being shifted towards crops and technology that can be commercialized, which is usually detrimental to the smallholder farmers and environmentally friendly practices. Quantitative analysis shows that wealthy nations obtain more than 60 percent of agriculture research and development (R&D) investments in the world. Conversely, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are areas that remain underfunded, although these regions are more susceptible to climate change. Further, staple and native crops which play a significant role regarding food security in the local communities, e.g. millet and sorghum, receive less than 15 percent of funds on the international level. This indicates that the priorities of the crops are systemically biased. On graphical analysis, crevices between funding are increasing, research fields are decreasing, and not very much finance is flowing towards new agroecological concepts. The findings also indicate that the partnership between the government and people and international collaborations are emerging possible solutions to close gaps on equity and promote research that embraces all. The research demonstrates the high priority of the balanced and diverse funding schemes and the combinations of the governmental responsibility and the business creativity. It is demanding careful investment with crops and regions that have been left out, equitable intellectual property legislation, and more powerful research centers in the Global South. The concepts assist in policy dialog and strategic planning, which is intended to transform international agricultural research into one more concerned with sustainability, fairness, and resilience.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Arif , Muhammad Asad Hameed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ETHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY AND BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
Biotechnology has taken an evolutionary approach of curbing the adverse environment; particularly via environmental-friendly bioremediation processes. This is a review on how biotechnology could be useful to the environment and present significant ethical concerns regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The paper merges fresh innovations in microbial and phytoremediation, enzyme remedies, and bioenergy production to indicate their capacity to purify the polluted soil, water and air systems. The review examines the effectiveness of bioremediation by examining such aspects as rate of pollutant breakdown, the specialisation of microbial strains and treatment success rates over the long term. Quantitative analysis presented in the form of illustrative tables and analytical graphs indicates that pollutants were biodegraded much more quickly genetically modified microorganisms by as much as 60 per cent faster than their native counterparts. The phytoremediation using hyperaccumulator species had an excellent effect of absorbing the heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. There was also efficacy in enzyme-assisted treatments to reduce the concentration of organic pollutants in the industrial wastes. Cost-benefit analysis proves an even greater truth; that biotechnology interventions are preferable to conventional chemical practices. These findings, however, also reveal existence of large ethical issues, among them is gene flow, environmental imbalance and the fact that businesses are monopolising GMOs. Radar research demonstrates the existence of weak equilibrium between green reasons and moral threats, having demand to stringent regulation. Conclusively, the environment can be cleaned using biotechnology in such a way that it is scalable and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, to reach long-term success, it is obliged to ensure ethical governance, transparency to stakeholders and flexibility of its policies. The present research will be valuable to academics, politicians, and technologists dealing with the environment and in need of a balance between the novelties and environment-friendly attitude.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mashal Shahzadi, Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN LABORATORY DISCOVERIES AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Biotechnology has emerged as a transformative force across agriculture, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and industrial manufacturing. This multidisciplinary field integrates genetic modification, bioprocess engineering, and synthetic biology to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and commercial-scale applications. The present study explores how advanced biotechnological methods—such as CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, AI-driven drug discovery, and optimized bioreactor systems—are reshaping industry practices. Using a combination of real-world case studies and industrial metrics, the methodology emphasizes the application of modern bioprocess engineering, incorporating AI-based monitoring and automated workflows to improve production efficiency. A Bioprocess Yield Efficiency model was introduced to quantify industrial scalability and output optimization.The results demonstrate significant improvements across multiple sectors. In agriculture, Bt cotton adoption led to a 30–50% yield increase and a 40% reduction in pesticide costs. Golden Rice showcased enhanced β-carotene content, addressing vitamin A deficiencies. In healthcare, recombinant DNA technology revolutionized insulin production, while mRNA vaccines were globally distributed at unprecedented speeds during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, algae-derived biofuels proved to be cost-effective and environmentally sustainable, and synthetic organisms outperformed chemical agents in bioremediation. Despite these advancements, challenges such as regulatory hurdles, scalability bottlenecks, and public acceptance persist. The conclusion highlights that achieving the full industrial potential of biotechnology requires an integrated approach—merging AI, molecular biology, ethical governance, and harmonized regulatory policies. Building public trust, increasing global investments, and fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration are imperative for a resilient and sustainable bioeconomy.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE SEED PRACTICES
The dynamism and diversity of seed practices is highly crucial to the health of the global food systems. In this paper, the aspects of the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of seed systems are examined with respect to the usage of the heirloom seeds, seed sovereignty movements, and communal seed banking. We consider the difference between conventional seed practices and the conventional commercial framework in the light of preserving biodiversity, the opportunity to change with the climate, the opportunities of farmers to have greater control, and the availability of food. We can do this by taking a glance at the data that one can find in the real world and the policy analysis. The findings indicate that ancestral and open-pollinated seeds resist greater drought and pests. Their yields are, in fact, as much as 30 percent less affected by climatic stress-conditions as those than can be wholly of the genetically homogeneous breeding. Tables indicate that the seed-saving techniques imply 45-60 percent less input expenditure and 33 percent higher Farmer Autonomy Index scores. There also exists a very high positive connection (r = 0.78) between food security measures and seed diversity. Seed banks under community management achieved higher resilience scores and policies with high participation of the civil society were much likely to be adopted. In addition, the traditional crop varieties also incessantly contain higher micronutrients than their genetically modified seeds indicating how vital they are in the area of public health nutrition. This degeneration of genetic diversity of seeds is depicted across the world in the last one hundred years has been declining steadily as indicated in visualizations and it is correlated with the rise of industrial agriculture. The findings indicate the need to get off of corporate monoculture-based seed systems and on to pathways of decentralised, farmer-driven and biodiverse seed governance. One of the decent ways to transition to food sovereignty, climate-friendly, and ecologically sound settings is sustainable seed practice as it integrates agroecological notions with the participatory dimensions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muneeba, Muhammad Suleman Aziz , Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0